1. Institute of Geophysics and Oil Resource, Yangtze University, Wuhan, Hubei 430100, China;
2. Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China;
3. CCTEG Xi'an Research Institute, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710077, China
Abstract：Digital rock physics is a method to construct digital rocks with geological idea by modern mathematics and computer technology, then simulate physical fields, calculate equivalent physical parameters, and finally study relationships among micro structure, material phase and macro equivalent property. It mainly contains two parts: digital rock construction and equivalent physical property simulation. The digital rock is corresponding to real rock sample and the equivalent physical property simulation is corresponding to real laboratory experiments. The combination of these two will realize the virtualization of laboratory experiments. There are two types of research methodology. One is to discuss the relationships between reservoir characteristic parameters and equivalent physical parameters calculating from a series of digital rock constructed under certain purpose. The other one is the direct application of the equivalent parameters calculated from digital rocks constructed by physical methods, as a supplement to laboratory experiments and well logging. Digital rock physics has made great progress and become a new way in rock physics research to resolve different problems.
Hazlett R D.Simulation of capillary-dominated dis-placements in microtomographic images of reservoir rocks.Transport in Porous Media,1995,20(1-2): 21-35.
[2]
Arns C H,Knackstedt M A,Pinczewski W V et al.Computation of linear elastic properties from microtomographic images: Methodology and agreement between theory and experiment.Geophysics,2002,67(5):1396-1405.
[3]
Saenger E H, Krüger O S, Shapiro S A.Numerical consideration of fluid effects on wave propagation:Influence of the tortuosity.Geophysical Research Letter,2004,31(21):L21613.
Zhang Jinyan, Sun Jianmeng. Rock elastic properties determined by using digital rock and effective medium model.Journal of Oil and Gas Technology,2012,34(2):65-70.
Wang Chenchen,Yao Jun,Yang Yongfei et al.Study on resolution selection for digital rock construction with CT scanning method.Science Technology and Engineering, 2013, 13(4): 1049-1052.
[7]
Andrä H, Combaret N,Dvorkin J et al.Digital rock physics benchmarks-Part I:Imaging and segmentation.Computers & Geosciences,2013,50(SI):25-32.
[8]
Ceron M R, Martinez J F, Diaze et al.Digital rock physics for reservoir characterization.Technical Committee of the 13th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society,2013.
Guan Zhenliang, Xie Congjiao, Dong Hu et al.3D imaging and visualization technology of micro pore structure in porous media.Geological Science and Technology Information,2009,28(2):115-121.
[15]
Holzer L,Munch B,Rizzi M et al.3D-microstructure analysis of hydrated bentonite with cryo-stabilized pore water.Applied Clay Science,2010,47(3-4): 330-342.
[16]
Desbois G,Urai J L,Kukla P A et al.High-resolution 3D fabric and porosity model in a tight gas sandstone reservoir:A new approach to investigate microstructures from mm to nm scale combining Argon beam cross-sectioning and SEM imaging.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2011,78(2): 243-257.
[17]
Bai B J,Elgmati M,Zhang H et al.Rock characterization of Fayetteville shale gas plays.Fuel,2013,105: 645-652.
[18]
Driskill B,Walls J, Devito J et al.Applications of SEM imaging to reservoir characterization in the eagle Ford shale South Texas,USA.AAPG Memoir,2013,102:114-136.
[19]
Joshi M A.A Class of Stochastic Models for Porous Media[D].Kansas:University of Kansas,1974.
[20]
Hazlett R D.Statistical characterization and stochastic modeling of pore networks in relation to fluid flow.Mathematical Geology,1997,29(6):801-822.
Liu Xuefeng,Sun Jianmeng,Wang Haitao et al.The accuracy evaluation on 3D digital cores reconstructed by sequence indicator simulation.Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2009, 30(3):391-395.
[25]
Bakke S, Øren P.3-D pore-scale modelling of sandstones and flow simulations in the pore networks. SPE Journal,1997,2(2):136-149.
[26]
Jin G, Patzek T W, Silin D B.Physics-based reconstruction of sedimentary rocks.SPE Western Regional/AAPG Pacific Section Joint Meeting,2003.
[27]
Coelho D, Thovert J, Adler P M.Geometrical and transport properties of random packings of spheres and aspherical particles.Physical Review E,1997,55(2):1959-1978.
[28]
Pilotti M.Reconstruction of clastic porous media.Transport in Porous Media,2000,41(3):359-364.
[29]
Zhu W, Yu W H, Chen Y.Digital core modeling from irregular grains.Journal of Applied Geophy-sics, 2012,85(1):37-42.
[30]
Roth S, Biswal B, Afshar G et al.Continuum-based rock model of a reservoir dolostone with four orders of magnitude in pore sizes.AAPG Bulletin,2011,95(6):925-940.
[31]
Latief F E, Biswal B, Fauzi U et al.Continuum reconstruction of the pore scale microstructure for Fontainebleau sandstone.Physica A,2010,389(8):1607-1618.
[32]
Hidajat I, Rastogi A, Singh M et al.Transport properties of porous media reconstructed from thin-sections.SPE Journal,2002,7(1):40-48.
[33]
Liu X, Sun J, Wang H.Reconstruction of 3D digital cores using a hybrid method.Applied Geophysics, 2009,6(2):105-112.
Yao Jun,Wang Chenchen,Yang Yongfei et al.A new method for rock core characterization in sandy conglomerate media.Rock and Soil Mechanics,2012,33(S2):205-208.
[36]
Yao J, Wang C,Yang Y et al.The construction of carbonate digital rock with hybrid superposition method.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2013,110(2):263-267.
[37]
Silin D, Tomutsa L, Benson S M et al.Microtomography and pore-scale modeling of two-phase fluid distribution.Transport in Porous Media,2011,86(2):495-515.
[38]
Kalam Z, Gibrata M, Hammadi M A.Validation of digital rock physics based water-oil capillary pressure and saturation exponents in super giant carbonate reservoirs.18th Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference (MEOS),2013.
Zhu Bojing,Shi Yaolin.Study of tight sandstone permeability from lattice Boltzmann and digital rock model.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2013,45(3):384-394.
[43]
Liu X, Sun J, Wang H.Numerical simulation of rock electrical properties based on digital cores.Applied Geophysics,2009,6(1):1-7.
[44]
Yue W,Tao G,Chai X et al.Digital core approach to the effects of clay on the electrical properties of saturated rocks using lattice gas automation.Applied Geophysics,2011,8(1):11-17.
[45]
Zhao J P,Sun J M,Liu X F et al.Numerical simulation of the electrical properties of fractured rock based on digital rock technology.Journal of Geophysics and Engineering,2013,10(5):1-6.
[46]
Øren P, Bakke S, Held R.Direct pore-scale computation of material and transport properties for North Sea reservoir rocks.Water Resources Research,2007,43(12):W12S04.
Sun Jianmeng,Zhao Jianpeng,Yan Weichao et al.Calculation of grain size distribution using NMR T2 spectrum and digital rock technology.Journal of China University of Petroleum(Natural Science Edition),2013,37(3):57-62.
[48]
Garboczi E J, Day A R.An algorithm for computing the effective linear elastic properties of heterogeneous materials:Three-dimensional results for composites with equal phase Poisson ratios.Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids,1995,43(9):1349-1362.
[49]
Garboczi E J.Finite element and finite difference programs for computing the linear electric and elastic properties of digital images of random materials,6269. National Institute of Standards and Technology Internal,1998.
[50]
Bohn R B, Garboczi E J.User manual for finite element difference programs-A parallel version of NIST IR,6997. National Institute of Standards and Technology,2003.
[51]
Knackstedt M A, Arns C H, Pinczewski W V.Velocity-porosity relationships,1:accurate velocity model for clean consolidated sandstones.Geophysics,2003,68(6):1822-1834.
[52]
Grechka V,Vasconcelos I,Kachanov M.The influence of crack shape on the effective elasticity of fractured rocks.Geophysics,2006,71(5):D153-D160.
[53]
Grechka V,Kachanov M.Effective elasticity of rocks with closely spaced and intersecting cracks. Geophy-sics,2006,71(3):D85-D91.
[54]
Grechka V.Multiple cracks in VTI rocks:Effective properties and fracture characterization.Geophysics, 2007,72(5):D81-D91.
[55]
Zhang Y, Toksz M N.Impact of the cracks lost in the imaging process on computing linear elastic properties from 3D microtomographic images of Berea sandstone.Geophysics,2012,77(2):R95-R104.
[56]
Sain R.Numerical simulation of pore-scale heterogeneity and its effects on elastic,electrical and transport properties[D].Stanford:Stanford University,2010.
[57]
Dvorkin J,Derzhi N.Rules of upscaling for rock phy-sics transforms:Composites of randomly and indepen-dently drawn elements.Geophysics,2012,77(3):WA129-WA139.
[58]
Dvorkin J,Derzhi N,Diaz E et al.Relevance of computational rock physics.Geophysics,2011,76(5): E141-E153.
[59]
Dvorkin J,Derzhi N,Fang Q et al.From micro to reservoir scale:Permeability from digital experiments. The Leading Edge,2009,28(12):1446-1452.
[60]
Dvorkin J, Nur A.Scale of experiment and rock phy-sics trends.The Leading Edge,2009,28(1):110-115.
Jiang Liming,Sun Jianmeng,Liu Xuefeng et al.Numerical study of the effect of natural gas saturation on the reservoir rocks' elastic parameters.Well Logging Technology,2012,36(3):239-243.
Andrä H,Combaret N,Dvorkin J et al.Digital rock physics benchmarks-Part II:Computing effective properties.Computers & Geosciences,2013,50(SI):33-43.
[65]
Saenger E H, Gold N, Shapiro S A.Modeling the propagation of elastic waves using a modified finite difference grid.Wave Motion,2000,31(1):77-92.
[66]
Saenger E H,Shapiro S A.Effective velocities in fractured media:a numerical study using the rotated staggered finite difference grid.Geophysical Prospecting,2002,50(2):183-194.
[67]
Orlowsky B,Saenger E H,Guéguen Y et al.Effects of parallel crack distributions on effective elastic properties-a numerical study.International Journal of Fracture,2003,124(3-4):L171-L178.
[68]
Saenger E H,Shapiro S A, Keehm Y.Seismic effects of viscous Biot coupling:Finite difference simulations on micro-scale.Geophysical Research Letters,2005,32(14):L14310.
[69]
Saenger E H, Krüger O S,Shapiro S A.Effective elastic properties of fractured rocks:Dynamic vs.static considerations.International Journal of Fracture,2006,139(3):569-576.
[70]
Madonna C, Almqvist B S,Saenger E H.Digital rock physics:numerical prediction of pressure-dependent ultrasonic velocities using micro-CT imaging.Geophysical Journal International,2012, 189(3):1475-1482.
[71]
Zhang Y. Modeling of the Effects of Wave-Induced Fluid Motion on Seismic Velocity and Attenuation in Porous Rocks[D].Massachusetts:Massachusetts Institute of Technology,2010.
[72]
Saenger E H,Madonna C H.Digital rock physics:Numerical vs. laboratory measurements.SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts, 2011,30:2140-2144.
[73]
Masson Y J,Pride S R.Poroelastic finite difference modeling of seismic attenuation and dispersion due to mesoscopic-scale heterogeneity.Journal of Geophysical Research,2007,112(3):B03204.
[74]
Rubino J G,Ravazzoli C L,Santos J E.Equivalent viscoelastic solids for heterogeneous fluid-saturated porous rocks.Geophysics,2009,74(1):N1-N13.
[75]
Masson Y J,Pride S R.Seismic attenuation due to patchy saturation.Journal of Geophysical Research, 2011,116(3):B03206.
[76]
Tisato N,Quintal B.Measurements of seismic attenuation and transient fluid pressure in partially saturated Berea sandstone:evidence of fluid flow on the mesoscopic scale.Geophysical Journal International,2013,195(1):342-351.
[77]
Zhang Y,Toksz M N.Computation of dynamic seismic responses to viscous fluid of digitized three-dimensional Berea sandstones with a coupled finite-difference method.The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2012,132(2):630-640.
[78]
Pelissou C,Baccou J,Monerie Y et al.Determination of the size of the representative volume element for random quasi-brittle composites.Solids and Structures,2009,46(14):2842-2855.
[79]
Gitman I, Askes H,Sluys L.Representative volume: existence and size determination.Engineering Fracture Mechanics,2007,(74):2518-2534.
[80]
Backus G E.Long wave elastic anisotropy produced by horizontal layering.Journal of Geophysical Research,1962,67(11):4427-4440.
[81]
Postmag G W.Wave propagation in a stratified medium.Geophysics,1955,20(4):780-806.
[82]
Carcione J M,Kosloff D,Behle A.Long wave anisotropy in stratified media: A numerical test. Geophy-sics,1991,56(2):245-254.
[83]
Melia P J,Carlson R L.An experimental test of P wave anisotropy in stratified media.Geophysics,1984, 49(4):374-378.
Hao Shouling.Effects of frequency and scale on measurements of acoustic velocity.Progress in Exploration Geophysics,2005,28(5):309-313.
[85]
Marion D,Mukerji T,Mavko G.Scale effects on velocity dispersion:From ray to effective medium theories in stratified media.Geophysics,1994,59(10):1613-1619.
[86]
Batzle M L,Han D,Hofmann R.Fluid mobility and frequency-dependent seismic velocity-direct measurements.Geophysics,2006,71(1):N1-N9.
